What is a Computer?
A computer is a programmable machine. The two principal
characteristics of a computer are: it responds to a specific set of instructions in
a well-defined manner and it can execute a prerecorded
list of instructions (a program).
Modern Computers Defined
Modern computers are electronic and digital. The actual
machinery -- wires,transistors,
and circuits -- is called hardware; the instructions
and data are
called software.
All general-purpose computers require the following hardware
components:
mass storage device: allows a
computer to permanently retain large amounts of data. Common mass storage
devices include disk drives and tape drives.
input device: usually
a keyboard and mouse, the input device is
the conduit through which data and instructions enter a computer.
output device: a display
screen, printer,
or other device that lets you see what the computer has accomplished.
central processing unit (CPU): the
heart of the computer, this is the component that actually executes
instructions.
In addition to these components, many others make it
possible for the basic components to work together efficiently. For example,
every computer requires a bus that transmits
data from one part of the computer to another.
Computer Classification, By Size and Power
Computers can be generally classified by size and power as
follows, though there is considerable overlap:
personal computer: a
small, single-user computer
based on amicroprocessor.
In addition to the microprocessor, a personal computer has a keyboard for
entering data, a monitor for
displaying information, and a storage
device for saving data.
workstation: a
powerful, single-user computer. A workstation is like a personal computer, but
it has a more powerful microprocessor and a higher-quality monitor.
minicomputer: a multi-user computer
capable of supporting from 10 to hundreds of users simultaneously.
mainframe: a powerful
multi-user computer capable of supporting many hundreds or thousands of users
simultaneously.
supercomputer: an
extremely fast computer that can perform hundreds of millions of instructions
per second.



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Upgrading is the process of replacing a product with a newer version of the same product. In computing and consumer electronics an upgrade is generally a replacement of hardware, software or firmware with a newer or better version, in order to bring the system up to date or to improve its characteristics.
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